Introduction to Quantum Computing
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This presentation provides an introduction to the Minisymposium MS7-8 (Recent Developments in Quantum CFD). The two sessions of this Minisymposium include a Keynote lecture as well as further presentations covering a broad range of exciting work, showing recent progress in developing quantum-computing applications to computational fluid dynamics. In the context of the Computational Fluids Conference audience, it can be expected that for many, Quantum Computing (QC) as well as its application to fluid dynamics simulations represents a relatively new and unfamiliar topic. This presentation aims to provide a short review of key quantum computing principles relevant to the work in this Minisymposium. Due to limited available time, this introduction cannot be exhaustive. However, in particular for audience members with a relatively limited experience with QC, this introduction and review aims to provide a foundation and a better understanding of the broad range of work presented in subsequent presentations in this Minisymposium. The presentation first introduces general concepts of Quantum Computing, e.g. qubit, qubit registers, quantum circuit model and data encoding methods. Key remaining challenges in developing efficient quantum algorithms and quantum-computing applications for fluid dynamics are reviewed. It then provides context of existing quantum computing hardware and introduces the concept of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ)-era hardware. The work in the first session of the Minisymposium generally relates to quantum computing applications targeting current or near-term quantum hardware. For longer term developments targeting quantum computing hardware with many more qubits and much more fault tolerance than NISQ-era hardware, the presentation then discusses the possibilities provided by quantumcircuit implementations with much increased circuit width (due to larger number of qubits) and circuit depth (due to increased fault tolerance). The work presented in the second session of the Minisymposium can generally be associated with this longer-term development of larger, more fault-tolerant quantum computers. The presentation also provides historical context by briefly reviewing work in this field, mainly conducted in past decade, and concludes with an outlook for future developments.